ANCIENT GREEK TEMPLES IN ASIA MINOR

City                      Dedication to

Assos                     Athena

Pergamos            Zeus, Dionysos, Asklipios

Phocea                Athena

Sardeis                Artemis

Smyrne               Athena

Teos                     Dionysos

Notion                 Athena

Claros                  Apollon

Ephesos               Artemis

Nyssa                   Pluto

Magnesia Meander    Artemis Leukofryene

Priene                  Athena Polias

Didyma                Apollon

Heracleia Latmou   Zeus

Labranda              Zeus

Evromos               Zeus

Iassos                    Artemis

Lagina                  Ekate

Stratonikeia         Zeus

Cnidos                  Dionysos, Aphrodite

Tlos                        Bellerephontes, Pegasos

Pinara                   Apollon

Xanthos               Nereids

Letoon                 Apollon, Artemis, Leto

Patara                   Apollon

Termissos           Zeus, Artemis

Aizanoi                Zeus

Aphrodisias         Aphrodite, Pluto

Ierapolis              Apollon 

Highlights of the Indo Greek kingdoms

First contact with the Chinese by way of the Ferghana valley : during reign of Demetrius the 1st

Most numerous coinage issued by :

Conqueror kings: Demetrius I, Menander, Eucratides

First introduction of the concave bow :

Issued the biggest gold coin: Eucratides

Issued the biggest silver coin : Amyntas

SIZE OF NOSE of the Indo-Greek Kings

Listed acc.to size from a prominent nose to a progressively smaller

Amyntas

Strato II

Hermeaus

Zoilos II

Heliocles II                                                                     

Menander

Agathocles

Apollophanes

Epandros

Nikias

Philoxenos

Polyxenios

Lysias

Hippostratus

Artemidoros

Diomedes

Demetrius II

Demetrius I

Apollodotus II

Theophilos

Antimahos

Agathocleia

Strato I

Antialcidas                                                           

Apollodotus

Constantinople : Emperorships

Longest : Ioannis 5th Palaiologos       1341 - 1391 AD        50 years

               Basil 2nd Vulgaroktonos      976 - 1025               49 years

               Constantinos 7th Porphyrogenitos 913 - 959         46 years

               Andronikos 2nd Palaiologos  1282 - 1328            46 years

               Theodosios 2nd                     408 - 450                42 years

               Justinian                                527 - 565                 38 years

               Alexios 1st Comninos            1081 - 1118             37 years

               Manuel 1st Comninos             1143 - 1180            37 years

              Constantinos 5th Copronimos   741 - 775               34 years

              Manuel 2nd Palaiologos           1391 - 1425            34 years

              Heracleios                                 610 - 641               31 years

              Anastasios 1st                           491 - 518                27 years

              Constantios 2nd                        641 - 668                27 years

              Leon 6th Sophos                      886 - 912                 26 years

              Michael 3rd                              842 - 867                 25 years
           
              Michael 8th                              1295 - 1320              25 years
             
              Ioannis 2nd Comninos              1118 - 1143              25 years

             Constantios 1st                            337 - 361               24 years

             Leon 3rd                                     717 - 741               24 years

             Romanos Lekapinos                    920 - 944               24 years

             Ioannis 7th Palaiologos               1425 - 1448            23  years

Amazon Tribes

Xingu:
Aweti, Kalapalo, Kamaiura, Kayapo, Kuikuro, Matipu, Mehinako, Nahukua, Suya, Trumai, Waura, Yawalapiti

Ucayali: Aymara, Quechua, Shipibo

Acre: 

Sikelia

Arethousa (on coins) flew to Ortygia, Syracuse

No marble, limestone and porous limestone

Empedocles: “the soul is godly, lives in the body until it is cleansed. I used to be a bush, some plant and a fish”

Birthplace of Rhetoric culture. Gorgias was first, 5th cent. BC

Archimedes: body that sinks in water loses as much weight as the weight of the water it displaces.

Hydraulic clock, odometer, pulleys & gears

Battle of Imera, 480 BC against Carhedonians. Gelon offered a golden tripod to Delphi.

First book on cooking by Mithekos “Opsartitikon”

Tavromenion, Taormina: its theatre has a unique view

Fine acoustics in the caves of the quarries near Syracuse.

Messine or Zangle (means drepanon, shape of the peninsula)

Aisxilos died at Gelon, with tombstone mentioning his part in the Marathon battle

Archeological remains at Selinounta are the largest in Europe.

Acragas (Agrigento) is the nicest city of the mortals (Pindar)

Constantinople : attacks on its Walls

                                                 CONSTANTINOPLE : Attacks against its defense Walls

                                                 1453 : 2 April  - May 29 by Turks

                                                 1437 : Genoese

                                                 1422 : Turks

                                                 1412 : Turks

                                                 1392 – 1398 : Turks

                                                 1348 : Genoese of Peran

                                                 1302 : Venetians

                                                 1203- 1204 : Franks & Venetians

                                                  1043: Rus

                                                   959 : Hungarians

                                                   936 : Rus

                                                   904 : Rus

                                                    864 : Rus

                                                    813 : Bulgarians

                                                   717 – 718: Arab fleet & ground troops

                                                    675 : Arab fleet

                                                     626 : Persians & Avars

                                                     616 : Persians  

Constantinople earthquakes

                                               

Between 330 – 1923 : about 1,000 earthquakes

30 major during the Byzantine Era, 10 major during the Ottoman Era

Many lasted for months, 40 days in 869, 140 days in 1034, 2 minutes on 11 May, 1766

Followed by fires, or epidemics:  1037 – 1040

Damage to the dome of Saint Sophia : 558, 986 &  1343 - 1346

Quakes :       major,  minor

                                   1999 : Izmit area

                                     1988

                                     1963

                                     1957

                                     1952

                                     1923

                                     1894 : 3 after socks from south to north

                                     1855

                                     1841

                                     1837

                                     1802

                                     1790

                                     1766: after socks for 8 months

                                     1754

                                     1752

                                     1719

                                     1712

                                     1690

                                     1659

                                     1648

                                     1556

                                     1509 : major quake with 109 mosques, 1070 state houses, etc  destroyed

                                                 “The Lesser Judgement Day “ shocks for 45 days, tsunami

                                     1489

                               1343 - 1346

                                     1305

                                     1296

                                     1086

                                      1064

                                1037 – 1040 : many

                                      1034

                                      1010

                                        986

                                        869 : for 40 days

                                        740

                                        732

                                        611

                                        582

                                     557 - 558

                                     554 - 555

                                          548

                                          542

                                          533

                                          527

                                      483 – 487 : continuous

                                           478

                                           447

                                           402

                                           398

                                           358

                                   Earthquakes in Constantinople between 350 AD and 1999 AD

Conclusions

Earthquakes have been numerous. Most are small ones with strong ones (> 6 on the Richter scale) in between.

The age gap between major earthquakes varies from 73 years to 312 years with an average of 190 years.